The English Civil wars

Following a Scottish invasion (1638),an Irish rebellion in Ulster (1641) and the break between king and parliament ,war began in 1642 .Parliament's control over London gave it a significant advantage .The royalists ,with headquarters at Oxford ,held most of the north and west .Early fighting favoured the royalists ("Cavaliers"),but Scottish aid and the new troops of Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) secured the victory over Marston Moore (1644) for parliament ("roundheads") .

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